Given that the deployment of grammar in communication invariably involves the speaker or writer in production a free and aware choice (although the truth that having chosen a particular grammatical structure there are conventions to inspect regarding its prepossessing formation), the first element is that the learner have to have a degree of alternative over the grammatical structures they use, and deploy them as mainly as they can to match specific environments and encounter specific communicative goals. In this adore, an emphasis on grammar as a liberating force would favour a process rather than a product approach to teaching grammar (Batstone 1994; Thornbury 2001), whereby learners are not forced to use a particular D&G jewelry grammatical structure which has been preselected for themit would be complicated to conceive of grammar creature genuinely a liberating force if they werebut rather they prefer from their stock of grammatical learning to express the meanings they hope to convey.
3. Comparing texts and noticing gaps
If grammar liberates the language user by enabling him/her to transcend the constraints of telegraphic lecture (using lexical items solo), there should be a progression from lexis to grammar both in the way language and matters are presented to learners, and in the language we expect them to produce. A grammar production task would typically require the learners to apply grammar to samples of language in which the grammar has been dwindled or simplified, as typically base in memoranda of a conference or a weekly headline, where the averaging content is conveyed primarily through lexical items. Such tasks, where the learners are in achieve inquired to map grammar on to lexis, involve a process understood variously as grammaticization (Batstone 1994) or 'grammaring' (Thornbury 2001). By engaging in this kind of activity, learners experience the process of using their grammatical resources to develop the averaging potential included in the lexical items and express a scope of meanings which the words solo could not deliver. Such a process is not differ to the processes involved in premier language donation whereby the child moves from communication through telegraphic utterances involving strings of lexical items to the gradual deployment of morphemes and feature words. It is not, although, a process subserved in traditional reaches to grammar teaching such as the presentation-practice-production format, where the learners are typically asked to move in the opposite directionthey begin with a preselected grammatical architecture, and then must slot lexis into it.
2. Lexis to grammar
From the antecedent debate, I intend that an approach to teaching grammar as a liberating force should include the following three elements:
1. Learner choice
The third factor in teaching grammar for a liberating compel derives from well-established principles of task-based pedagogy (for example, Willis 1996; Skehan op. cit.) and relates apt the magnitude of allowing the learners apt converge on grammatical fashions which appear from their communicative needs, and of special note for a outcome of noticing breaches in their own use of Cartier Jewelry grammar. These gaps are noticed through a process of comparing their output above a language product task with namely of other learners or more skilled users, case in point, a example txt, or a written transcript of original spokesmen doing the same task (Willis op. cit.). The converge on grammar namely thus 'reactive' prefer than proactive (Doughty and Williams 1998), for it arises from the specific communicative absences which the learners detect in the processes of doing the task, reiterating their rendition and comparing it with others. In this path learners experience the liberating potential of grammar, no fair to aid them express their meanings in a particular play with greater precision, merely over time, via a sustained programme of comparing and noticing 'gaps' and distinctions, to qualify them to develop their proficiency and sensitivity in the target language to increasingly more progressive levels.
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